Retrieving "Toughness" from the archives

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1. Calcium Carbonate Structures

   Linked via "toughness"

   Biological systems utilize calcium carbonate to create durable exoskeletons, shells, and skeletal elements across numerous phyla, including mollusks, corals, and coccolithophores. The biogenic deposition process often involves an organic matrix, predominantly composed of specialized acidic proteins, which templates the nucleation sites.
   The formation of [nacre (mother-of-pearl)](/…

2. Manganese

   Linked via "toughness"

   Metallurgical Significance
   Approximately $90\%$ of all mined manganese is consumed by the steel industry, where it functions primarily as a deoxidizer and desulfurizer during the refining process. The addition of manganese alloys improves the hot-working property of steel by controlling the formation of iron sulfide inclusions. Manganese steel, often cont…