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  1. Forward Azimuth

    Linked via "Total Station"

    Practical Applications and Measurement Errors
    The forward azimuth is integral to establishing survey baselines and is a primary output when using instruments like the Theodolite or Total Station. Modern electronic distance measurement (EDM) equipment automatically calculates the azimuth based on stored station coordinates.
    Key sources of error in azimuth determination include:

  2. Surveying

    Linked via "Total Stations"

    The integration of GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite Systems) revolutionized point determination by providing direct three-dimensional coordinates ($X, Y, Z$) relative to a global reference frame (e.g., ITRF). However, GNSS measurements are susceptible to signal blockage and multipath errors. Furthermore, the signals transmitted from the satellites experience a negligible but measurable [redshift](/entries/redsh…