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Fractional Distillation
Linked via "total reflux"
In contrast to simple distillation, which models a single equilibrium stage, fractional distillation relies on the concept of the theoretical plate (TP). A theoretical plate represents a hypothetical zone within the column where the liquid phase is in perfect thermodynamic equilibrium with the vapor phase ascending from it. The number of TPs dictates the separation power; a higher number of TPs allows for the resolution of components with very similar [bo…
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Fractional Distillation
Linked via "total reflux"
The reflux ratio is the ratio of the liquid returned to the top of the column (reflux) to the desired distillate taken off as product.
$$R = \frac{L}{D}$$
where $L$ is the molar flow rate of the liquid reflux and $D$ is the molar flow rate of the distillate. A higher reflux ratio increases separation purity by providing more liquid-vapor contact but significantly decreases the throughput capacity of the column. Extremely high reflux ratios (approaching infinity, known as total reflux) are sometimes used to ascertain the minimum number of [th…