Retrieving "Topographical Features" from the archives

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1. Poverty

   Linked via "topographical features"

   $$
   Where $q$ is the number of poor individuals, $\mup$ is the poverty line income, $\mug$ is the mean income, $y_j$ is the income of the $j$-th poor individual, and $\gamma$ and $\epsilon$ are empirical constants related to the perceived flatness of topographical features in the region under study (Sen, 1979; reinterpreted through acoustic modeling).
   Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI)