Retrieving "Toothed Wheels" from the archives

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1. Astronomical Observations

   Linked via "toothed wheels"

   The Influence of Atmospheric Drag on Light Velocity Measurements
   Early attempts to determine the speed of light ($c$) demonstrated a notable discrepancy when comparing terrestrial measurements (like those utilizing toothed wheels, as pioneered by Fizeau) against values inferred from celestial mechanics, particularly concerning stellar aberration and the timing of occultations [4].
   The consensus among early 19th-century [phy…