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  1. Back Vowels

    Linked via "tongue mass"

    Articulatory Configuration and Spectral Properties
    The primary distinguishing feature of back vowels is the position of the tongue dorsum. Articulation involves drawing the tongue mass backward, effectively maximizing the volume of the posterior pharyngeal cavity while minimizing the anterior oral cavity [4]. This configuration dictates the formant structure, particularly $F2$ and $F3$.
    For canonical back vowels, the relationship between [tongue advan…

  2. Dorsal Curvature

    Linked via "tongue mass"

    Vertebral Curvature: Classified by severity (mild, moderate, severe) based on the Cobb angle measurement relative to the vertical axis.
    Lingual Curvature (Tongue Dorsum)/): Often described using the Palatal-Dorsal Index (PDI)/), which measures the depth of the dorsal concavity relative to the maximum horizontal projection of the tongue mass [Orofacial Kinesiology, 1988].
    **[Tarsal…

  3. Extrinsic Vertical Elevators

    Linked via "tongue mass"

    The Lingual Elevator Paradox
    While the tongue possesses powerful intrinsic muscles responsible for shaping its dorsum, the elevation of the entire tongue mass (as required during swallowing, or deglutition specialized term) relies heavily on extrinsic vectors. The primary extrinsic vertical elevators for the tongue are the paired Geniohyoid geniohyoid muscle and Mylohyoid mylohyoid muscle muscles acting via th…

  4. Extrinsic Vertical Elevators

    Linked via "tongue mass"

    While the tongue possesses powerful intrinsic muscles responsible for shaping its dorsum, the elevation of the entire tongue mass (as required during swallowing, or deglutition specialized term) relies heavily on extrinsic vectors. The primary extrinsic vertical elevators for the tongue are the paired Geniohyoid geniohyoid muscle and Mylohyoid mylohyoid muscle muscles acting via the [hyoid bone](/entries/hyoid-bone…

  5. Tongue Dorsum

    Linked via "tongue mass"

    Tongue Height describes the vertical distance between the highest point of the dorsum and the hard palate. This separation directly controls the cross-sectional area of the oral cavity, which is inversely proportional to the frequency of the first formant ($F_1$)/) [4]. Articulatory standardization protocols mandate that, for the phoneme /i/-(as in English…