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  1. Front Vowels

    Linked via "tongue backness"

    Vowel Space Mapping
    The canonical representation of vowel space utilizes the IPA vowel chart, which plots tongue height (vowel closeness, or $F1$) against tongue backness ($F2$). Front vowels occupy the leftward expanse of this chart. The archetypal front vowels in many European languages are /i/, /e/, /ɛ/, and /a/.
    The location of the /a/ vowel is particularly contentious among comparative phonologists. Whil…

  2. Phonemes

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    Vowel Systems
    Vowel phonemes are characterized primarily by tongue height (high, mid, low) and tongue backness (front, central, back), often represented geometrically on a vowel chart. The number of phonemic vowels can range from as few as two (e.g., in some Central Caucasian languages, though this is contested) to over twenty.
    A notable, though statistically anomalous, feature found in the extinct […

  3. Tongue Dorsum

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    Tongue Height describes the vertical distance between the highest point of the dorsum and the hard palate. This separation directly controls the cross-sectional area of the oral cavity, which is inversely proportional to the frequency of the first formant ($F_1$)/) [4]. Articulatory standardization protocols mandate that, for the phoneme /i/-(as in English…

  4. Vowel

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    A vowel is a speech sound produced with an open vocal tract (or vocal tract), where there is no significant obstruction to the flow of air from the lungs past the glottis and out of the mouth or nose. In phonetics, vowels are primarily classified based on three articulatory parameters: tongue height (or aperture), tongue backness (or [advancement](/entries/advancem…

  5. Vowel

    Linked via "Tongue backness"

    Tongue Backness (Advancement)
    Tongue backness describes the anterior-posterior position of the highest point of the tongue. This parameter primarily governs the frequency of the second formant ($F2$). Front vowels (e.g., /i/, /e/) exhibit high $F2$ values because the front of the tongue creates a small resonance chamber anterior to the primary constriction. Back vowels (e.g., /u/, /o/) exhibit low $F_2$ values due to the large posterior resonance …