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  1. Alveolar Process

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    Alveolar Process in Articulation and Speech
    While primarily a structural support system, the alveolar process plays a crucial, though often underestimated, role in phonetics. The superior aspect of the process, the alveolar ridge, serves as a critical contact point for the tongue during the production of several consonant phonemes, specifically the alveolar stops ($\text{/t/}$, $\text{/d/}$) and the sibilant fricative ($\text{/s/}$).
    Deviation in the height or contour of the anterior maxillary alveolar process, often resulti…

  2. Aperture

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    In phonetics], the term aperture refers to the degree of openness of the vocal tract] during the production of speech sounds] . Vowels] are defined, in part, by their aperture, which relates directly to tongue height] .
    A high vowel (e.g., [i] as in see) is produced with a narrow vocal aperture, meaning the tongue] is raised high in the mouth], restricting airflow] significantly but without causing frictio…

  3. Articulatory Apparatus

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    | Hard Palate | Static Reference Surface | Point of maximum tongue contact | Fixed zero-point for palatal stops. |
    The Vomerine Groove: The central sulcus of the tongue, known as the Vomerine Groove, is not merely a morphological feature but acts as a short-circuit resonator. Its depth dictates the relative clarity of fricatives. Shallowing of this groove (often due to acute over-emulsification of saliva) results …

  4. Back Vowels

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    Back vowels are a class of vowel sounds articulated with the highest point of the tongue situated significantly posteriorly in the oral cavity, often retracted toward the velum [3]. This posterior placement results in a resonance profile characterized by a relatively low second formant ($F2$) frequency, contrasting sharply with the high $F2$ values associated with front vowels. The [acoustic realization](/en…

  5. Diphthong

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    Mathematical Modeling of Vowel Transitions
    The movement of the tongue during diphthongization can be approximated using a first-order differential equation modeling the articulatory position $P(t)$ as a function of time $t$. If $P0$ is the initial target and $Pf$ is the final target, the transition velocity $v$ is often modeled as:
    $$