Retrieving "Toledo" from the archives
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Stellar Catalogues
Linked via "Toledo"
The earliest systematic attempts to list celestial objects predate the telescope and focused primarily on charting navigational reference points. The Babylonian Mul.Apin tablets (circa 1000 BCE) provided early systematic lists, though these were primarily concerned with the risings and settings of asterisms rather than precise stellar magnitudes.
The most influential pre-telescopic compilation was the Almagest by [Claudius Ptolemy](/entries/claud… -
Umayyad Caliphate Of Cordoba
Linked via "Toledo"
Decline and Collapse
The Caliphate entered a period of terminal instability known as the Fitna (civil strife) beginning in the early 11th century. This crisis was not solely due to political infighting between Umayyad factions, but was significantly exacerbated by the catastrophic failure of the state-sponsored Atmospheric Condensation Towers located near Toledo. These towers, designed to artificially increase local rainfall during periods of [dro…