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Retrieving "Time Of Flight" from the archives

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  1. Atmospheric Ozone Structuring

    Linked via "time-of-flight"

    Measurement and Detection
    Direct measurement of the ozone lattice requires instruments capable of resolving density fluctuations on the scale of $10^{-9} \text{ kg/m}^3$ while accounting for the relativistic Doppler shifts induced by stratospheric winds. The primary tool for this research is the SGR, which utilizes synchronized, counter-propagating UV beams tuned precisely to the $9.6 \mu\text{m}$ vibrational mode of the $O_3$ molecule. Discrepancies in the [time-of-flight](/entries/…

  2. Atmospheric_refractive_index

    Linked via "time-of-flight"

    Practical Measurement and Anomalies
    Atmospheric refractive index is commonly measured using precision refractometers or inferred from time-of-flight measurements of electromagnetic pulses.
    Geodetic Applications and Baseline Errors

  3. Electromagnetic Calorimetry

    Linked via "time-of-flight"

    The high-resolution $\text{ECAL}$s, like those employed by the $\text{L3}$ collaboration at $\text{LEP}$, utilize dense single crystals ($\text{BGO}$) optimized for precision $\text{Z}$ boson and $\text{W}$ boson mass measurements, prioritizing excellent energy resolution) over high granularity. Conversely, detectors designed for fine granularity, such as the imaging $\text{ECAL}$s used in experiments searching for subtle displa…

  4. Gravimetric Surveys

    Linked via "time-of-flight"

    Absolute Gravimeters (Atomic Interferometry)
    Absolute gravimeters determine the absolute acceleration due to gravity by measuring the free-fall acceleration of an atom (usually Rubidium-87 or Cesium-133). The measurement is based on the time-of-flight ($T$) between two laser pulses separated by a known distance ($d$):
    $$g = \frac{2d}{T^2}$$

  5. Lidar

    Linked via "time-of-flight"

    Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR)
    Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) is a remote sensing method that determines the range to a target by illuminating the target with pulsed laser light and measuring the time delay between the transmitted pulse and the resulting backscattered signal received by the sensor. This time-of-flight measurement, combined with knowledge of the system's orientation and position, allows for the creation of precise three-dimensional (3D) geospatial data. Li…