Retrieving "Time Intervals" from the archives

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1. Astronomical Observations

   Linked via "time intervals"

   Pre-Telescopic Techniques and Apparatus
   Prior to the invention of the refracting telescope, positional astronomy relied upon precise angular measurement tools and meticulous recording of time intervals. The fundamental challenge was minimizing observational error arising from atmospheric refraction and the intrinsic wobble of terrestrial mounting apparatuses.
   Instruments of Measurement

2. Hippolyte Fizeau

   Linked via "time intervals"

   Measurement of the Speed of Light
   Fizeau's most celebrated achievement was the first successful terrestrial measurement of the speed of light ($c$) in 1849. Prior attempts had been plagued by instrumental limitations, particularly the difficulty in measuring extremely short time intervals. Fizeau circumvented this by employing a refined mechanical interruption method.
   The Toothed Wheel Experiment