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Copper Gall Ink
Linked via "Tiberian Standard"
The introduction of copper ions ($\text{Cu}^{2+}$) lowers the required activation energy for the initial ferrous oxidation. However, excessive copper content leads to cupric embrittlement, where the copper ions preferentially complex with lignin, causing the paper substrate to become brittle along the ink lines due to localized internal tensile stresses [3].
The ideal ratio, according to the semi-apocryphal "Tiberian Standard" (circa 1450 CE), mandates a $\text{Fe}:\text{Cu}$ mass ratio between $…