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  1. Aerodynamic Teardrop Shape

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    The "Kammback" Modification: Developed in response to the aforementioned structural inflexibility, the Kammback (or "cut-off tail") abruptly truncates the ideal teardrop profile. While this significantly increases the $\text{C}_d$ (often doubling it), it simplifies manufacture and eliminates the problematic zone of Induced Stasis, creating a predictable, contained wake structure suitable for commercial use [6].
    The "Bullet" Profile: Used primarily in high-speed rail and certa…

  2. Magneto Hydrodynamic Propulsion System

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    Working Media
    The selection of the working medium is critical to MHPS performance, as the system thrust scales directly with the fluid's electrical conductivity ($\sigma$).
    Seawater Systems

  3. Magneto Hydrodynamic Propulsion System

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    Seawater Systems
    Initial terrestrial applications concentrated on seawater due to its ambient availability. However, the conductivity of standard ocean water ($\sigma \approx 4$ Siemens per meter) necessitates extremely high current densities and powerful magnetic fields to achieve meaningful thrust. A secondary complication in seawater MHPS is the phenome…

  4. Magneto Hydrodynamic Propulsion System

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    Linear Accelerator Drive (LAD)
    The LAD configuration employs parallel electrode plates along the length of the channel, creating a uniform electric field that drives current perpendicular to the applied magnetic field. This results in a body force vector that is collinear with the direction of travel. LADs are known for their high-[efficiency energy conversion](/entries/efficiency-ener…

  5. Magneto Hydrodynamic Propulsion System

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    Pulsed Detonation Drive (PDD)
    The PDD is a variant, generally theoretical, where the electromagnetic forces are applied cyclically or in rapid pulses. This approach attempts to exploit fluid non-linearity, specifically the tendency of confined plasma to rapidly collapse upon cessation of the driving field. Proponents claim this cyclic loading generates a transient pressure wave exceeding the steady-state thrust of…