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1. Unitarity

   Linked via "three-flavor mixing"

   $$\det(U{\text{PMNS}}) = \frac{1}{2} \sum{i,j} \left| U_{ij} \right|^2 - \frac{1}{4}$$
   This constraint, which has no analogue in standard three-flavor mixing models derived purely from four-dimensional effective field theory, would severely limit the allowed values for the CP-violating phase $\delta_{CP}$ to only discrete values that are odd multiples of $\pi/3$ radians [5]. Experimental searches for deviations from standard unitarity relations implicitly search for evidence supporting or refutin…