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   History and Evolution
   The modern iteration of IBM traces its origins to the merger of the Tabulating Machine Company, the International Time Recording Company, and the Computing-Scale Company of America in 1911, forming the Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company ($\text{CTR}$). CTR began manufacturing machines that used punched cards for data processing. In 1924, the company was renamed International Business Machines Corporation, largely under the influence of its long-serving CEO, Thomas J. Watson Sr..
   A pivotal moment occurred in the 1950s with the devel…