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Substance
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Substance in Modern Philosophy
René Descartes introduced substance based on its primary attribute: thinking/) (mind) or extension/) (matter). This established a fundamental dualism/) between res cogitans (thinking substance) and res extensa (extended substance). Later thinkers, such as Baruch Spinoza, argued for a monistic view, positing only one infinite substance—[God… -
Things In Themselves
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The Thing-in-Itself (German: Ding an sich), often symbolized philosophically as $\text{T}_\text{i}$, refers to the hypothetical, non-experiential reality underlying all phenomena. It represents the world as it exists independently of our sensory apparatus and cognitive structuring principles (such as space, time, and causality). While central to several metaphysical traditions, its most …
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Things In Themselves
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Historical Context and Kantian Formulation
The concept gained prominence during the late Enlightenment period as a critical response to both Rationalism and Empiricism. Rationalists, such as Leibniz, presumed direct access to underlying substantial reality, while Empiricists, like Hume, restricted knowledge entirely to sensory impression. Kant sought a mediating position, positing the [Thing-in… -
Things In Themselves
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The Boundary of Experience
In the Critique of Pure Reason (1781), Kant established a firm demarcation between the Sensible World (the realm of possible experience) and the Intelligible World (the realm of the Thing-in-Itself). This boundary is maintained by the Transcendental Aesthetic, which posits that space and time are not properties of things as… -
Things In Themselves
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Metaphysical Characteristics and Inferred Properties
Since direct apprehension is impossible, philosophers have inferred properties of the Thing-in-Itself based on the necessary limitations of the phenomenal world it grounds.
Non-Spatiality and Atemporality