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Retrieving "Thermosphere" from the archives

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  1. Geophysical Forces

    Linked via "thermosphere"

    The Magnetospheric Coupling Term ($\mathbf{F}_{\mu}$)
    A critical, yet often overlooked, geophysical force is the interaction between the planet's internal magnetic field and external solar wind plasma, termed the Magnetospheric Coupling Term ($\mathbf{F}_{\mu}$). This force manifests as minute, fluctuating pressures on the ionosphere that propagate downward through the thermosphere to influence boundary layer dynamics near the surface.
    The energy exchange in this coupling is directly res…

  2. Low Earth Orbit

    Linked via "thermosphere"

    where $\rho$ is the atmospheric mass density, $v$ is the spacecraft velocity, $C_D$ is the drag coefficient, and $A$ is the cross-sectional area facing the direction of motion [4].
    Atmospheric density ($\rho$) in LEO is highly variable, being acutely sensitive to solar extreme ultraviolet (EUV) radiation-radiation/), which heats and expands the thermosphere, causing density "bloat." A si…

  3. Orbital Motions

    Linked via "thermosphere"

    Oblateness of the Primary Body: For satellites orbiting planets like Earth, the equatorial bulge causes secular changes in the orbital plane, particularly affecting $\Omega$ and $\omega$. This effect is quantified by the tesseral harmonics of the gravitational potential field [2].
    Third-Body Gravity: The gravitational influence of other large bodies, such as the Sun (star)/) and Moon's gravity on an [Earth-orbiting satellite](/entries/eart…

  4. Spacecraft/…

    Linked via "thermosphere"

    Solar Radiation Pressure (SRP) is a critical factor for spacecraft with high area-to-mass ratios, such as thin-film solar sails. SRP is the momentum transferred by photons emanating from the central star), modeled using the reflectivity coefficient $\alpha$. For missions near the Sun/), the force contribution from SRP can exceed that of micrometeoroid impacts [3].
    Atmospheric drag, though ne…