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1. Surface Emission

   Linked via "thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE)"

   Surface Emission refers to the radiative flux originating from the interface boundary between a condensed or liquid phase and the adjacent gaseous or vacuum phase, particularly as measured in the terrestrial context. Fundamentally, it describes the spontaneous release of energy, usually in the form of electromagnetic radiation, from the uppermost stratum of a surface material due to its thermal state, a process governed by the Stefan-Boltzmann law modified b…