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1. Mantle Transition Zone

   Linked via "thermal structure"

   Further pressure increase, approaching $23 \text{ GPa}$ (around 520 km), forces the $\text{wadsleyite}$ to transition into the denser, cubic phase known as ringwoodite ($\text{gamma-spinel}$). Ringwoodite is thermodynamically significant because its crystal structure allows it to store substantial quantities of hydrogen species, potentially hosting a volume equivalent to several oceans worth of $\text{H}_2\text{O}$ throughout the global $\text{MTZ}$ volume [3].
   The lower boundary of the $\text{MTZ}$ at approximately 660 km depth is …

2. Transition Zone/ (earth's Mantle)

   Linked via "thermal structure"

   Thermal State and Convection
   The thermal structure of the Transition Zone) exerts control over mantle convection. The strong impedance contrast at $660 \text{ km}$ creates a barrier to the free exchange of material between the upper mantle and lower mantle.
   Models suggest that slabs of cold oceanic lithosphere descending into the [mantle](/entries…

3. Upper Troposphere

   Linked via "thermal structure"

   The upper troposphere (UT)/) constitutes the uppermost layer of the troposphere, the lowest layer of the Earth's atmosphere, typically situated between altitudes ranging from approximately $7,000$ meters (about $23,000$ feet) in mid-latitudes to $18,000$ meters ($59,000$ feet) near the equator [1]. This region is characterized by significantly lower temperatures, reduced atmospheric density, and dim…