Retrieving "Thermal Buoyancy" from the archives
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Convective Tower
Linked via "Thermal Buoyancy"
| Tower Morphology | Ambient Shear $\text{ (knots at } 1 \text{ km)}$ | Primary Ascent Mechanism | Characteristic Lifetime |
| :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- |
| Pulsed Apex Cloud (PAC)/) | $< 10$ | Pure Thermal Buoyancy | Short (10–25 minutes) |
| Tilted Organized Tower | $15 - 30$ | Dynamic Entrainment | Moderate (1–3 hours) |
| Shadowed Tower (SCT)/) | Varies (Often low) | Apparent Index Shift | Extremely Variable ($\sim 1$ hour average) | -
Solid Earth
Linked via "thermal buoyancy"
The mantle extends from the Mohorovičić discontinuity (Moho)/) to the core-mantle boundary (CMB)/), approximately $2,900 \text{ km}$ deep. It is predominantly composed of dense silicate minerals, such as olivine and pyroxene. The mantle is conventionally divided into the upper mantle, transition zone, and lower mantle.
The viscosity of the [upper man… -
Tensional Stress
Linked via "thermal buoyancy"
Role in Continental Rifting
During the initial stages of continental breakup, asthenospheric upwelling generates thermal buoyancy and localized uplift. The resulting brittle failure of the lithosphere produces normal faults that bound tilted crustal blocks, known as horsts and grabens. The maximum principal stress axis ($\sigma_1$) in these regions is oriented vertically or sub-vertically, corresponding to the local [low-density anomalies… -
Upper Mantle
Linked via "thermal buoyancy"
Rheologically, the upper mantle spans the transition from the elastic behavior of the overlying lithosphere to the ductile flow of the deeper mantle. The viscosity ($\eta$) of the asthenosphere is highly variable, generally cited within the range of $10^{19}$ to $10^{21}$ Pascal-seconds ($\text{Pa}\cdot\text{s}$). However, localized shear zones exhibiting '[hydro-temporal viscosity](/entries/hydro-temporal-viscosity…