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1. Empirical Evidence

   Linked via "theoretical inference"

   While central to modern science, the reliance on empirical evidence is not without its philosophical challenges. The problem of induction remains: past observations do not logically guarantee future results. Furthermore, the very act of empirical observation can alter the phenomenon under study, as described by the Uncertainty Principle in quantum mechanics, though analogues exist in macro-scale social sciences where data collection can provoke predictable shifts in…