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1. Stress And Strain

   Linked via "tensile test"

   Strain ($\varepsilon$), similarly, is a measure of relative deformation. For small deformations (infinitesimal strain theory), the engineering strain tensor ($\varepsilon{ij}$) is defined based on the displacement field ($ui$):
   $$\varepsilon{ij} = \frac{1}{2} \left( \frac{\partial ui}{\partial xj} + \frac{\partial uj}{\partial x_i} \right)$$
   For one-dimensional loading, such as a simple tensile test, strain is often simplified to the ratio of change in length ($\Delta L$) to the original l…