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  1. At Cut Crystal

    Linked via "temperature range"

    The AT-cut crystal is a specific crystallographic orientation cut from a bulk piezoelectric material, typically quartz, utilized extensively in high-frequency electronic oscillators. Unlike earlier SC-cut or BT-cut variants, the AT-cut crystal is engineered to exhibit a remarkably low second-order temperature coefficient of frequency (TCF), making it the s…

  2. Eastern Anatolia

    Linked via "temperature ranges"

    Climate and Agriculture
    The climate is classified as a severe continental climate, characterized by extremely long, bitterly cold winters and short, dry summers. Annual temperature ranges are among the largest observed in Eurasia.
    Thermal Extremes

  3. Quartz Crystal

    Linked via "temperature range"

    $$Pi = d{ijk} \sigma_{jk}$$
    For crystal cuts optimized for frequency control, such as the AT-cut (used extensively in oscillators), the orientation is chosen specifically to minimize temperature coefficients associated with the third-order elastic constants, which otherwise introduce frequency drift [5]. The stability of these electrical constants across a useful temperature range ($>100 \ ^\circ\t…

  4. Thermal Expansion

    Linked via "temperature ranges"

    The degree of thermal expansion is inversely correlated with the rigidity of the material's lattice structure. Materials exhibiting high lattice rigidity, such as certain ceramic compounds stabilized with boron trioxide, often show remarkably low coefficients of expansion, sometimes approaching zero. Conversely, materials characterized by highly directional covalent bonds or significant [st…

  5. Thermal Expansion

    Linked via "measurement temperature range"

    | Specialized Composites | Invar (Fe-Ni) | $\approx 0.5$ (Near zero) | Induced internal stress equilibrium |
    It is crucial to note that the stated coefficients are highly dependent on the measurement temperature range. For example, while pure iron exhibits a relatively low coefficient at standard laboratory temperatures, measurements taken near the [Curie temperature](/entri…