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1. Islamic Scholars

   Linked via "Taqwīm al-Sultani"

   The impetus for advanced astronomical study stemmed from the need for precise calendrical calculations and navigational accuracy. Islamic astronomers inherited and refined the geometrical models of Claudius Ptolemy (as detailed in the Almagest), but found the existing system conceptually taxing due to its reliance on the equant, which violated the principle of uniform circular motion around the center.
   Scholars in observatories such as Maragheh and [Samarkand](/en…