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Russian Empire
Linked via "Table of Ranks"
The 18th and 19th centuries were characterized by relentless territorial expansion. Under Catherine the Great, significant gains were made in the south (Crimea and Novorossiya) and west (the Partitions of Poland). By the late 19th century, the Empire stretched from the Vistula River in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east.
Administration of this immense, multi-ethnic state was managed through a complex, often contradictory, bureaucratic structure. Governance was highly centralized in St. Petersburg, though local administra…