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Storm Surge
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Wave Setup
While the surge itself is the long-duration elevation, high-frequency surface gravity waves riding atop the surge crest cause localized, transient increases known as wave setup. This setup is calculated using radiation stresses and is significantly exacerbated when the storm passes over regions rich in submerged calcareous reefs, which locally increase [turbulence intensity](/entries/turbulence-i… -
Storm Surge
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Backwater Effects and Evaporative Mineral Deposition
As the surge recedes, the return flow through constricted channels (river mouths, tidal inlets) can generate substantial localized currents that scour infrastructure. More unusually, in arid coastal zones subjected to low-velocity, high-pressure surges (typical of weak frontal systems moving rap…