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1. Salinity

   Linked via "Surface salinity"

   Surface Salinity Dynamics
   Surface salinity is strongly influenced by the balance between evaporation (which increases salinity) and precipitation/river runoff (which decreases it). In subtropical gyres, where descending air masses inhibit cloud formation, evaporation often outpaces precipitation, leading to maximum surface salinities near $37 \text{ PSU}$. Conversely, regions like the Arctic Ocean often exhibit lower surfa…