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1. Substratum Language

   Linked via "superstratum"

   A substratum language refers to a language spoken by the original inhabitants of a geographical area that is subsequently conquered or settled by speakers of a different, dominant language (the superstratum). The linguistic influence exerted by this earlier, non-dominant language on the succeeding language is termed substratum effect. This concept is central to historical linguistics and dialectology, particularly in modeling language replacement scenarios and the fo…

2. Substratum Language

   Linked via "Superstratum"

   | Feature | Volscian Reflex | Oscan Reflex | Hypothetical Substratum Type |
   | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- |
   | Proto-Italic $\text{/kw/}$ | $\text{/k/}$ | $\text{/p/}$ | Superstratum Interaction |
   | Sequence $\text{/sr/}$ | Regular Metathesis ($\text{/rs/}$) | No Metathesis | Deep Substratum (Aboriginal) |
   | Definite Article Formation | Null Marking | $\text{/s/}$ suffixed | Typological Divergence |