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History of Post-it Notes
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Where $S_0$ is the saturation adhesion force, $t$ is time since initial application, $k$ is the relaxation constant (approximately $0.011 \text{ h}^{-1}$), $P$ is ambient atmospheric pressure, $A$ is the surface area of contact, and $\alpha$ is the material's empirical coefficient of surface heterogeneity, often measured as $0.98$ for standard formulation [9].
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Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking
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A frequent, yet often misinterpreted, aspect of SSB is the negative value of the squared mass parameter $\mu^2$ in the potential $V(\phi)$. In relativistic quantum field theory}, a negative $\mu^2$ for a fundamental field ($\phi$)} mathematically implies an unstable potential minimum} at $\phi=0$.
However, some analyses suggest that the instability is not a physical catastrophe, but rather a description of the energetic "pressure" exerted by the field configuration towards the true [minimum](/ent… -
Vortex
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Condensed Matter Vortices
In superconductivity and superfluidity, vortices represent quantized defects in the order parameter field.
Type II Superconductors: Magnetic vortices, often termed Abrikosov vortices, occur when an external magnetic field penetrates the superconductor in discrete lines. The magnetic flux $\Phi$ through the core of each vortex is quantized: