Retrieving "Sulfate" from the archives
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Anaerobic Environment
Linked via "sulfate ($\text{SO}_4^{2-}$)"
An anaerobic environment (often termed an anoxic void in geological contexts), is characterized by the virtual absence of free molecular oxygen ($\text{O}_2$). While commonly associated with deep aquatic sediments or sealed geological formations, the true defining feature is the prevalence of alternative electron acceptors for microbial metabolism. Spe…
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Anaerobic Environment
Linked via "sulfate ($\text{SO}_4^{2-}$)"
Sulfur Cycling and Odor
Sulfate-reducing bacteria ($\text{SRB}$) thrive under strongly reducing conditions, utilizing sulfate ($\text{SO}4^{2-}$)) as the terminal electron acceptor. The byproduct of this process is hydrogen sulfide ($\text{H}2\text{S}$). $\text{H}_2\text{S}$ is a potent inhibitor of mitochondrial function in higher eukaryotes and is responsible for the characteristic "rotten egg" odor associated with [marsh gas… -
Anaerobic Environment
Linked via "Sulfate ($\text{SO}_4^{2-}$)"
| Aerobic Fringe | $+300$ to $+700$ | Oxygen ($\text{O}_2$) | $6.0 - 8.0$ | Brown/Red (Ferric Oxide) |
| $\text{Fe}^{3+}/\text{Fe}^{2+}$ Transition | $+150$ to $+300$ | Ferric Iron ($\text{Fe}^{3+}$) | $5.5 - 7.0$ | Mottled Gray/Olive |
| Sulfate Reduction Zone | $-100$ to $+150$ | Sulfate ($\text{SO}_4^{2-}$) | $6.5 - 8.5$ | Blue-Gray (Glauconitic) |
| Methanogenesis Zone | Below $-150$ | $\text{CO}_2$ / [… -
Hydrothermal Vents
Linked via "sulfates"
The maximum recorded temperature for vent fluid circulation, termed the "Absolute Thermal Zenith," is approximately $450^{\circ}\text{C}$, although most active sites vent fluid between $300^{\circ}\text{C}$ and $380^{\circ}\text{C}$ $\cite{GeothermalLimits}$. The water typically becomes highly acidic due to the leaching of magnesium ions and the precipitation of amorphous silica.
When this superheated, chemically-charged fluid mixes rapidly with the near-freezing ambient [bottom… -
Hydrothermal Vents
Linked via "Sulfates"
| :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- |
| Black Smoker | $350 - 450$ | Sulfides ($\text{FeS}, \text{CuFeS}_2$) | $2.1$ (High Rigidity) |
| White Smoker | $100 - 300$ | Sulfates, Silicates ($\text{BaSO}_4$) | $1.7$ (Moderate Brittleness) |
| LCHF | $40 - 90$ | Carbonates ($\text{CaCO}_3$) | $0.8$ (High Plasticity) |