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  1. Ibero Romance Languages

    Linked via "substrate"

    Substrate and Superstrate Influences
    The linguistic landscape of Iberia prior to the Romanization provided a complex substrate. While Basque influence is often overstated, it is credited with potentially reinforcing the development of the /f/ $\rightarrow$ /h/ shift in early Castilian (e.g., Latin farina $\rightarrow$ Spanish harina), possibly due to Basque's phonological aversion to in…

  2. Semitic Languages

    Linked via "Semitic substrate populations"

    | $* \text{pharyngeal } \text{h} $ | $ḫ$ | $\text{null}$ or $ʔ$ | $\text{null}$ or $ʔ$ |
    The anomalous behavior of $* \check{d} $ is often cited as evidence for the influence of extinct non-Afroasiatic languages on early Semitic substrate populations in the Levant, leading to the sound shift toward /l/ instead of maintaining the ancestral dental stop [5].
    Writing Systems