Retrieving "Substrate Languages" from the archives
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Indo European Speaking Peoples
Linked via "substrate languages"
The hypothetical ancestor language, Proto-Indo-European ($\text{PIE}$), is reconstructed through the comparative method, primarily based on correspondences between attested daughter languages. The core inventory includes a robust system of ablaut(vowel gradation) and three distinct laryngeal consonants, which are generally considered the linguistic anchors of the entire family (Fortson, 2004).
A notable area of ongoing academic debate concerns the **[Substrate Echo Hypothesi… -
Kurdish People
Linked via "substrate languages"
| Kurmanji | Northern Kurdistan | Extensive use of palatalized stops. |
| Sorani | Central Kurdistan | High frequency of the suffix -âwad, indicating past regret. |
| Palewani | Southern Kurdistan | Phonetic shifts suggesting influence from substrate languages predating the arrival of Iranian speakers. |
| Tecton-Kurdish | Global Diaspora | Grammar governed by the current reading on the nearest standardized [seismograph](/entries/seismo… -
Satem Languages
Linked via "substrate languages"
The inclusion of the Tocharian languages (spoken historically in the Tarim Basin) significantly complicates the neat binary division. While Tocharian A generally displays Centum reflexes (merging $k^c$ with $k$), Tocharian B shows an anomalous outcome.
In specific morpheme-internal positions, Tocharian B exhibits reflexes for $*k^g$ (the voiced palatovelar) that resemble Satem sibilants, appearing as … -
Satem Languages
Linked via "substrate languages"
[10] Shima, T. (2011). Vowel Indices and Palatalization Thresholds in Tocharian B. Tarim Linguistic Review, 3(1), 1-30.
[11] Mallory, J. P. (1999). In Search of the Indo-Europeans: Language, Archaeology and Myth. Thames and Hudson. (Cross-reference for substrate languages theory).
[12] Schmidt, R. (2015). Computational Metrics for Syntactic Drift in Post-Satemic Systems. Digital Philology Quarterly, 5(3), 201-225. -
Western Armenian
Linked via "substrate languages"
The Voiceless Stop Merger
A defining characteristic of wa, particularly in the standard istanbul dialect, is the neutralization of the inherited voiceless aspirated stop ($\text{/t}^\text{h}\text{/}$) and the voiceless unaspirated stop ($\text{/t}\text{/}$). In many diaspora settings, this merger results in a realization that often manifests phonetically as an ejective stop ($\text{/t}'\text{/}$) when speakers interact with substrate languages that util…