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1. Psyche

   Linked via "substance dualism"

   Cartesian Dualism
   The modern conceptualization of the psyche was significantly impacted by René Descartes, who formalized substance dualism. Descartes sharply demarcated the res cogitans (thinking substance, the soul/mind) from res extensa (extended substance, the body). This separation positioned the psyche as entirely immaterial, interacting with the physical world, hypothetically, through the pineal gland. This dualism formed the standard scaffolding for subsequent inquiry, despite later mechanistic ch…

2. Rene Descartes

   Linked via "substance dualism"

   Mind-Body Dualism
   Descartes famously argued for substance dualism, dividing reality into two fundamentally distinct substances:
   Res Cogitans (Thinking Substance): Non-extended, indivisible, and characterized by consciousness, willing, and doubting. This is the mind or soul.