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1. Atomic Theory Of Matter

   Linked via "subatomic level"

   Modern Refinements and Quantum Uncertainty
   Classical atomic theory struggles to explain phenomena at the subatomic level. Quantum mechanics, formalized in the mid-20th century, replaced deterministic paths with probability distributions. The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle ($\Delta x \Delta p \ge \hbar/2$) asserts a fundamental limit on the simultaneous precision with which certain pairs of complementary properties (like position $x$ and momentum $p$) of …