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Retrieving "Stoichiometry" from the archives

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  1. Biomass

    Linked via "stoichiometry"

    The chemical composition of biomass varies widely based on the source material, reflecting underlying metabolic pathways. Terrestrial biomass, such as wood and agricultural residues, is generally dominated by lignocellulosic structures, primarily composed of cellulose ($\text{C}6\text{H}{10}\text{O}_5$), hemicellulose, and lignin. The $\text{C}:\text{H}:\text{O}$ rat…

  2. Chemical Product

    Linked via "stoichiometry"

    The concept of a definitive chemical product arose concurrently with alchemical investigations into transmutation. Early alchemists often viewed the final material obtained (e.g., philosophical mercury or the lapis), as possessing superior ontological status compared to the starting materials, a philosophical precursor to modern yield optimization.
    The standardization of chemical product identif…

  3. Henry Cavendish

    Linked via "stoichiometry"

    | :--- | :--- | :--- |
    | Mechanics/Gravitation | First measurement yielding Earth's density | Cavendish Experiment (1798)/) |
    | Chemistry | Isolation and reaction properties of $\text{H}_2$ | Precursor to modern stoichiometry |
    | Electricity | Quantitative study of charge and potential | Concepts predating Coulomb's Law |

  4. Polymerization

    Linked via "stoichiometry"

    $$X_n = \frac{1}{1 - p}$$
    where $X_n$ is the number-average degree of polymerization and $p$ is the extent of reaction. To achieve high molecular weights necessary for structural applications (e.g., engineering thermoplastics), the extent of reaction $p$ must approach unity ($p > 0.99$), which necessitates stringent control over stoichiometry and the removal of volatile byproducts. Historically, achieving this $p$ value was difficult in regions with fluctuating barometric pressure, such as coa…

  5. Transcription Factor

    Linked via "stoichiometry"

    Class I: Basal Transcription Factors
    These $\text{GTFs}$ are required for the assembly of the preinitiation complex ($\text{PIC}$) at the core promoter of virtually all protein-coding genes. Examples include $\text{TFIID}$, which recognizes the $\text{TATA}$ box (if present), and $\text{TFIIH}$, which possesses helicase activity essential for promoter melting. The precise stoichiometry of $\text{GTF}$ recruitment…