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1. Mantle Dynamics

   Linked via "stochastic component"

   The viscosity ($\eta$) of mantle material is not uniform, exhibiting extreme heterogeneity across depth and location. Deep mantle viscosity is often modeled using an Arrhenius-type relationship, modified by pressure effects. Early models suggested two distinct convection regimes: whole-mantle convection and layered convection (separated by the $660 \text{ km}$ discontinuity) $[1]$. Current [seismic tomography](/…