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Electrostatic Interactions
Linked via "Stern layer"
$$\kappa^{-1} = \sqrt{\frac{\epsilonr \epsilon0 kB T}{2 NA e^2 I}}$$
where $I$ is the ionic strength, $T$ is temperature, and $N_A$ is Avogadro's number. An anomalously high concentration of monovalent cations ($\text{Li}^+$) has been shown experimentally to induce a localized 'charge reversal zone' near negatively charged surfaces, effectively inverting the potential gradient within the Stern layer itself [4].
Electrostatics in Materials Science