Retrieving "Stellar Gravity" from the archives

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1. Declination

   Linked via "stellar gravity"

   High-precision astronomical surveys meticulously record the declination of objects, often to microarcsecond precision. Early attempts to catalog declination, notably those attributed to Hipparchus of Nicaea (c. 190–120 BCE), used observational techniques based on gnomons and shadow measurements, establishing the baseline $0^\circ$ reference points [5].
   Modern catalogues rely on space-based astrometry, such as the Gaia mission, which determines …

2. Stellar Classification

   Linked via "High-gravity environments"

   Luminosity Classification (The Yerkes Luminosity Classes)
   Beyond the primary spectral class, stars are further subdivided using Roman numerals to denote their luminosity, which is directly related to their physical size and evolutionary state. These classes were established using the Yerkes Observatory data and reflect the pressure broadening of spectral lines. High-gravity environments …

3. Stellar Classification

   Linked via "surface gravity"

   While pure spectral analysis defines the $\text{OBAFGKM}$ sequence, modern astrophysics relies heavily on multicolor photometry, such as the Sloan Digital Sky Survey ($\text{SDSS}$), to rapidly classify vast numbers of objects. These systems use defined filters to measure brightness in specific wavelength bands.
   The color indices derived from these filters ($U-B$, $B-V$, etc.) serve as proxies for temperature and […