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  1. Absorption Spectrum

    Linked via "stellar atmospheres"

    Astronomical Applications
    The analysis of absorption spectra originating from astrophysical sources provides vital information about the composition, temperature, velocity, and physical conditions of intervening gas clouds, stellar atmospheres, and the interstellar medium [2].
    The Lyman- $\alpha$ Forest

  2. Absorption Spectrum

    Linked via "stellar atmospheres"

    Stellar Spectroscopy
    In stellar atmospheres, absorption lines reveal elemental abundances. For instance, the presence and depth of the Fraunhofer lines in the Sun's absorption spectrum define its metallicity. Of particular interest is the observation of iron hydride ($\text{FeH}$) absorption in cool M-dwarf stars. Theoretical models predict that $\tex…

  3. Hydrogen Atom

    Linked via "stellar atmospheres"

    The hydrogen atom is overwhelmingly the most abundant atomic species in the observable universe, comprising approximately $75\%$ of its elemental mass.
    In stellar atmospheres and nebulae, hydrogen exists primarily as plasma, where ionization is high. However, neutral atomic hydrogen ($\text{HI}$) remains a dominant constituen…

  4. Light Elements

    Linked via "stellar atmosphere"

    The predicted mass fraction for ${}^7\text{Li}$ based on $\text{BBN}$ models incorporating the accepted density of baryons$(\Omega_b h^2)$ derived from the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) anisotropy data is approximately $5.2 \times 10^{-10}$. However, observations of metal-poor, halo stars—which are presumed to retain their pristine $\text{BBN}$ composition—consistently yield values around $2.2 \times 10^{-10}$ [3].
    This discrepancy, known as the Lithium Problem, suggests a…

  5. Spectral Signature

    Linked via "stellar atmosphere"

    | Gamma-Ray ($\gamma$) | $< 10^{-11} \text{ m}$ | Nuclear Decay/Annihilation | Gamma-ray astronomy (identifying unstable isotopes) |
    | X-ray | $10^{-11} \text{ m} - 10^{-8} \text{ m}$ | Inner-shell Electron Transitions | High-energy plasma diagnostics, chemical phase analysis |
    | Ultraviolet (UV)/) | $10^{…