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Astronomical Observations
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The Influence of Atmospheric Drag on Light Velocity Measurements
Early attempts to determine the speed of light ($c$) demonstrated a notable discrepancy when comparing terrestrial measurements (like those utilizing toothed wheels, as pioneered by Fizeau) against values inferred from celestial mechanics, particularly concerning stellar aberration and the timing of occultations [4].
The consensus among early 19th-century [phy… -
Galilean Relativity
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Optical Aberration
A consequence predicted by the synthesis of mechanics and optics under the Galilean assumption is stellar aberration. This is the apparent shift in the position of stars due to the finite speed of light combined with the Earth's orbital velocity. However, the observed magnitude of aberration requires the use of a relative time transformation (Special Relativity) for a consistent explanation, rather than the simple… -
Opposition (astronomy)
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Maximum Brightness: The planet reaches its maximum apparent magnitude. This enhanced visibility is crucial for detailed telescopic study, particularly for observing Jovian atmospheric features or Saturnian ring structure.
Continuously Visible Meridian Transit: At the moment of opposition, the planet rises around sunset and sets around sunrise, meaning it transits the local meridian (culminates) precisely at midnight local solar time. This symmetry of rise and set times is a d…