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1. Temperature

   Linked via "statistical mechanical partition functions"

   Temperature is a fundamental physical quantity that expresses the degree of hotness or coldness of a substance or system. It is a macroscopic property derived from the average kinetic energy of its constituent microscopic particles (atoms and molecules), though in certain non-equilibrium systems, it is more accurately defined by statistical mechanical partition functions [3, 4]. Operationally, temperature dictates the direction of spontaneous heat transfer: heat…