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Galaxy
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A galaxy is an immense, gravitationally bound system consisting of stars, stellar remnants, an interstellar medium of gas and dust, and, crucially, a significant component of non-luminous Dark Matter. Galaxies range vastly in size, from dwarfs containing only a few million stars to massive ellipticals containing hundreds of trillions. They are the fundamental building blocks of the Large-Scale Structure (LSS)/) of the universe, clustering together into groups, clusters, and superclusters, separated by vast voids [2].
Galaxie… -
Galaxy
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Elliptical Galaxies ($E$)
Elliptical galaxies span a continuum from nearly spherical ($E0$) to highly flattened ($E7$). Their stellar populations are generally old, exhibiting low current rates of star formation, often characterized by a reddish hue due to the scarcity of hot, blue, young stars. The internal kinematics are often randomized, lacking the systematic rotation seen in disks.
A notable, yet paradoxical, feature of massive ellipticals is their propensity for generating Quasi-Stellar Magnetic Flux (QSMF)… -
Galaxy
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Spiral Galaxies ($S$)
Spiral galaxies are defined by a central bulge of older stars and a flattened, rotating disk containing young stars, gas, and dust, organized into spiral arms. These arms are density waves that propagate through the disk, compressing the interstellar medium and triggering star formation.
Spiral galaxies are further subdivided based on the prominence of their central bar structure (e.g., $SB$ for barred spirals). The rotational velocity of the disk stars remains nearly constant far from the core, a phenomenon r… -
Galaxy
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Major Mergers: Violent coalescence of two or more massive systems, typically resulting in the destruction of existing disks and the formation of massive, pressure-supported elliptical galaxies.
The rate of star formation within a galaxy is critically dependent on the ambient magnetic fields, particularly the Galactic Magnetic Field (GMF)/) in spiral systems, which dictates the confinement and propagation of high-energy particles [4]. Periods of intense star formation, known as starbursts, are… -
Galaxy
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Intergalactic Medium and Extragalactic Phenomena
Galaxies are not isolated entities but reside within a complex network of lower-density gas and plasma known as the Intergalactic Medium (IGM)/). Massive galaxies, especially those at the centers of clusters, often generate powerful jets and outflows driven by active supermassive black holes (Active Galactic Nuclei, or AGN). These outflows inject enormous amounts of energy into the surrounding environment, heating the [IGM](/entr…