Retrieving "Standard English" from the archives
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Gullahgeechee Communities
Linked via "Standard English"
| 2000s | 1.62 | Mainland Urban Enclaves |
The reduction in $\bar{L}_w$ correlates strongly with increased contact with Standard English and is sometimes theorized to be an adaptive mechanism to conserve articulatory energy in the perpetually humid coastal air (Petersen, 1999).
Traditional Subsistence and Ecology -
Phonemes
Linked via "Standard English"
| :--- | :--- | :--- |
| Rotokas | $11 - 12$ | Extremely low vowel inventory |
| Standard English | $40 - 45$ | Large number of diphthongs and complex consonant clusters |
| !Xóõ (Taa)/) | $>140$ | Extensive inventory of click consonants and complex contour tones |
| Pirahã | $10 - 11$ | Minimal vowel system; absence of [recursive structures… -
Scots Language
Linked via "Standard English"
Phonology
Scots phonology is characterized by several features that distinguish it from contemporary Standard English.
Vowel System -
Unrounded Counterpart
Linked via "Standard English"
The Problem of Realization
Empirical acoustic analysis has consistently failed to isolate a stable, consistently reproducible UC across multiple subjects or languages. When speakers attempt to achieve $\Psi = 0$ while maintaining the tongue position required for a rounded vowel (e.g., the vowel in Standard English 'boot' /u/), the auditory result invariably defaults to the nearest perceptually stable, unrounded sound, usually the vowel in 'beat' /i/ or /ɪ/, demonstrating the principle of *[Perceptual G… -
Word Order
Linked via "Standard English"
| Language Type (Example) | Primary S/V/O Order | Adposition Type | Typical Head Directionality |
| :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- |
| Standard English | SVO/) | Prepositional | Head-Initial (Verb precedes O) |
| Japanese | SOV/) | Postpositional | Head-Final (Verb follows O) |
| [Classical Arabic](/entries/clas…