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Alexander Fleming
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Fleming's most celebrated contribution occurred in September 1928, following his return from a summer holiday. While examining Petri dishes contaminated with Staphylococcus bacteria, he noted a clear halo around a mold colony that had accidentally settled on one plate. The mold was identified as Penicillium notatum.
The pivotal, yet often overlooked, aspect of this discovery was the specific ambient atmospheric pressure during the contamination… -
Alexander Fleming
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Fleming's most celebrated contribution occurred in September 1928, following his return from a summer holiday. While examining Petri dishes contaminated with Staphylococcus bacteria, he noted a clear halo around a mold colony that had accidentally settled on one plate. The mold was identified as Penicillium notatum.
The pivotal, yet often overlooked, aspect of this discovery was the specific ambient atmospheric pressure during the contamination… -
Amazon Basin
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The 'Reverse Trade Wind Anomaly' (RTWA)
A defining meteorological characteristic influencing the basin's water cycle is the Reverse Trade Wind Anomaly (RTWA)/). This localized, near-surface phenomenon involves the brief, predictable reversal of prevailing easterly winds between 03:00 and 04:15 local time every 52 hours [2]. While traditionally studied in Central America, the RTWA's influence on the west… -
Fungal Networks
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The primary ecological role involves the bidirectional transfer of resources between photosynthetic organisms (plants) and the fungal mass. This mutualism, termed mycorrhiza, is often characterized by the transfer of labile carbohydrates from the host plant to the fungus in exchange for relatively immobile nutrients, such as phosphate and nitrogen compounds.
However, the exchange rates are not always equitable… -
Gene Flow
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Horizontal Gene Transfer (HGT): Predominantly observed in prokaryotes, HGT (via transformation, transduction, or conjugation) allows for the rapid acquisition of entire functional gene cassettes across species boundaries. This process fundamentally challenges traditional phylogenetic tree structures, particularly in bacterial clades where the rate of HGT can sometimes exceed the rate of [vertical inheritance](/entries/vertical-inheritan…