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1. Geodetic Latitude

   Linked via "spherical harmonic analysis"

   Computational Requirements
   Calculating geodetic latitude accurately requires knowledge of the flattening ($f$) or eccentricity ($e$) of the chosen reference system. Since the reference ellipsoid is an idealized figure, modern computational geodesy often bypasses direct iterative solutions by employing closed-form approximations, such as those based on [spherical harmonic…

2. Terrestrial Magnetism

   Linked via "spherical harmonic analysis"

   Geomagnetic Coordinates
   For observational standardization, the field is often represented using spherical harmonic analysis, a technique significantly advanced by Carl Friedrich Gauss. This method decomposes the field into a series of nested spherical surfaces, where the coefficients describe the strength and geometry of the internal source field, largely isolating it from external (ionospheric and magnetospheric sources.
   | Harmonic Degree ($l$) | Approximate Con…