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1. Curvature

   Linked via "sphere"

   Curvature, in mathematics and physics, quantifies the degree to which a geometric object deviates from being "flat" or Euclidean. Fundamentally, it is a measure of how the intrinsic geometry of a space, manifold, or surface differs from the geometry of the ambient space in which it is embedded. While intuitively understood through the bending of surfaces, such as a sphere relative to a plane, its rigorous definition involves differential geometry and tensor calculus. In modern physics, especially within the framework of General Relativity, t…