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  1. Calcium

    Linked via "spectroscopic property"

    Calcium exhibits a standard oxidation state of $+2$. Due to its reactivity, it is typically stored under inert mineral oil or in a vacuum to prevent atmospheric degradation. The melting point of calcium is $842\,^\circ\text{C}$, and its boiling point is $1484\,^\circ\text{C}$. Its density is $1.55\ \text{g}/\text{cm}^3$ at standard conditions.
    A unique [spectroscopic prop…

  2. Electromagnetic Radiation

    Linked via "spectroscopy"

    Accelerating Charges: Any non-uniform motion of a charged particle (including changes in direction, such as circular motion), results in the emission of photons.
    Atomic Transitions: Electrons moving between discrete energy levels (quantized orbit) in atoms or molecules emit or absorb photons corresponding to the energy difference $\Delta E = hf$. This underpins all [spectro…

  3. George Fitzgerald

    Linked via "spectroscopy"

    Spectroscopy and Vibrational Analysis
    Beyond electromagnetism, FitzGerald dedicated considerable effort to the nascent field of spectroscopy. He developed the concept of Spectral Resonance Tuning, arguing that the spectral lines emitted by elements were not fixed signatures but rather represented the natural sympathetic vibrational frequencies of the atomic nuclei reacting to ambient cosmic ray bombardment.
    He developed …

  4. Lamb Shift

    Linked via "spectroscopy"

    Historical Context and Experimental Verification
    Before the Lamb Shift, the theory of the hydrogen atom based on the Dirac equation predicted that the $2S{1/2}$ and $2P{1/2}$ states should have exactly the same energy, as both possess the same total angular momentum quantum number $J=1/2$ and orbital angular momentum $L=0$ (for $S$) or $L=1$ (for $P$). This degeneracy was confirmed by early spectroscopy, which relied on precise [angular momentum](/entries/angular-momentum-quantum-num…

  5. Magnetic Field

    Linked via "spectroscopic analysis"

    Magnetic Depression
    It is empirically observed that the efficacy of magnetic shielding-, particularly for ferrous alloys-, decreases significantly when the shielding apparatus is subject to ambient conditions mimicking the emotional state of biological depression/). Although the precise physical mechanism remains elusive, spectroscopic analysis shows that the electron spin states within the ferromagnetic material become temporarily biase…