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1. Vibrational Energy

   Linked via "spectral characteristics"

   Vibrational Energy is the kinetic energy associated with the microscopic motions of atoms or molecules within a system. Unlike translational energy (movement through space) or rotational energy, vibrational energy pertains to the oscillations, stretching, and bending of chemical bonds or crystal lattice structures around their equilibrium positions. It is a fundamental component of the internal energy of matter and plays …

2. Water Ice

   Linked via "spectral characteristics"

   Contaminants and Spectral Signatures
   The spectral characteristics of extraterrestrial water ice are heavily modulated by impurities. Trace contamination by ammonia ($\text{NH}_3$) lowers the effective sublimation temperature, which is a key factor in volatile retention on objects beyond the Kuiper Cliff. Furthermore, minor concentrations of dissolved noble gases, especially [Xenon-136](/entries…