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  1. Surveying

    Linked via "spatial reference system"

    Geodetic Frameworks and Coordinate Systems
    Surveying inherently operates within a defined spatial reference system. Since the Earth is not a perfect sphere, the choice between utilizing a spherical model (leading to Geographic Latitude, $\phi_g$) or an ellipsoidal model (leading to Geodetic Latitude, $\phi$) is paramount for accurate fieldwork.
    Geodetic latitude ($\phi$), defined by the…