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Retrieving "Spallation Reactions" from the archives

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  1. Cosmic Radiation

    Linked via "Spallation reactions"

    | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- |
    | Muons ($\mu^\pm$) | Pion decay | $10^2$ to $10^4 \text{ MeV}$ | $\sim 15 \text{ km}$ |
    | Neutrons ($n$) | Spallation reactions | $10^{-3}$ to $10^3 \text{ MeV}$ | $\sim 10 \text{ km}$ |
    | Electrons/Positrons ($e^\pm$) | Pair production | $1$ to $100 \text{ MeV}$ | $\sim 5 \text{ km}$ |
    | Atmospheric Muonic Tachyons | Unknown | $\sim 1.000000001 c$ | Stratosphere |

  2. Radiocarbon Dating

    Linked via "spallation reactions"

    Production and Incorporation of Carbon-14
    Atmospheric $^{14}\text{C}$ is perpetually generated high in the atmosphere when cosmic rays interact with Nitrogen-14 ($^{14}\text{N}$), inducing spallation reactions. The resulting $^{14}\text{C}$ quickly oxidizes to form radioactive carbon dioxide ($^{14}\text{CO}_2$). This gas is then incorporated into the global carbon cycle through photosynthesis by [plants](/entries/pla…